Marka ay xiisuhu u koraan khadadka UV LED iyo Dual-Cure UV, hormuudka soo saarayaasha khad tamar-daweyn kara ayaa rajo ka qaba mustaqbalka tignoolajiyada.
Suuqa tamarta lagu daweyn karo - ultraviolet (UV), UV LED iyo iftiinka elektarooniga (EB)- waxay ahayd suuq xooggan muddo dheer, maaddaama waxqabadka iyo faa'iidooyinka deegaanka ay keeneen kobaca iibka ee codsiyada badan.
Iyadoo tignoolajiyada tamarta-daaweynta loo isticmaalo suuqyo kala duwan, khadyada iyo farshaxanka garaafyada ayaa ka mid ahaa qaybaha ugu waaweyn.
"Laga soo bilaabo baakadaha ilaa calaamadaha, calaamadaha, iyo daabacaadda ganacsiga, khadadka la daaweeyay UV waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin aan la mid ahayn marka la eego waxtarka, tayada, iyo sii jirista deegaanka,"Jayashri Bhadane, Transparency Market Research Inc. Bhadane waxa uu ku qiyaasaa in suuqa uu gaadhi doono $4.9 bilyan oo iib ah dhamaadka 2031, at CAGR ah 9.2% sanadkii.
Hormoodka soo saarayaasha khad tamarta lagu daweyn karo ayaa si isku mid ah u rajo weyn. Derrick Hemmings, maareeyaha badeecada, shaashadda, flexo tamarta la daweyn karo, LED North America,Kiimikada Qorraxda, ayaa sheegay in iyada oo qaybta la daweyn karo tamarta ay sii wadayso koritaanka, tignoolajiyada jira qaarkood ayaa noqday kuwo yar oo laga faa'iidaysan karo, sida UV-dhaqameedka iyo khadyada xaashida ah ee caadiga ah ee codsiyada.
Hideyuki Hinataya, GM ee Qaybta Iibka Khadka Dibadda eeT&K Toka, taas oo ugu horrayn ku jirta qaybta khad tamarta lagu daweyn karo, waxay xustay in iibinta khadadka tamarta-daaweynta ay sii kordhayaan marka la barbardhigo khadadka caadiga ah ee saliidda.
Zeller+Gmelin sidoo kale waa khabiir tamar lagu daweyn karo; Tim Smith eeZeller+Gmelin'sKooxda Maareynta Alaabtu waxay xuseen in faa'iidooyinka deegaanka, hufnaanta, iyo waxqabadka awgeed, warshadaha daabacadu ay si isa soo taraysa u qaadanayaan khadadka tamarta-daaweynta, sida tignoolajiyada UV iyo LED.
"Khadyadani waxay sii daayaan xeryahooda organic kacsan (VOCs) ee hooseeya marka loo eego khadyada dareeraha ah, oo la jaanqaadaya xeerarka adag ee deegaanka iyo yoolalka waara," Smith ayaa tilmaamay. "Waxay bixiyaan daaweyn degdeg ah waxayna yareeyaan isticmaalka tamarta, si kor loogu qaado wax soo saarka.
"Sidoo kale, adhesion-kooda sare, adkeysigooda, iyo caabbinta kiimikada ayaa ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon codsiyada kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan baakadaha CPG iyo calaamadaha," ayuu raaciyay Smith. "In kasta oo kharashaadka bilowga ahi sarreeyo, waxtarka hawl-galka ee muddada-dheer iyo hagaajinta tayada ay keenaan waxay caddaynayaan maalgashiga. Zeller+Gmelin waxa ay aqbashay hab-dhaqankan dhanka khadadka-tamar-daynta ah ee ka tarjumaysa sida ay uga go'an tahay warshadaha ee hal-abuurka, waaritaanka, iyo buuxinta baahida isbeddelka ee macaamiisha iyo hay'adaha sharciyeynta.
Anna Niewiadomska, maareeyaha suuqgeynta caalamiga ah ee shabakada cidhiidhiga ah,Kooxda Flint, ayaa sheegay in xiisaha iyo kobaca mugga iibka ee khadadka tamarta la daweyn karo ay sameeyeen horumar weyn 20-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, taas oo ka dhigtay habka ugu weyn ee daabacaadda qaybta shabakada cidhiidhiga ah.
"Dareewalada koritaankaan waxaa ka mid ah tayada daabacaadda oo la wanaajiyey iyo sifooyinka, korodhka wax soo saarka, tamarta iyo qashinka oo yaraaday, gaar ahaan bilawga UV LED," ayuu yiri Niewiadomska. "Intaa waxaa dheer, khadadka tamarta lagu daweyn karo ayaa kulmi kara - oo badiyaa ka badan - tayada xarfaha iyo ka saarista waxayna keenaan sifooyin daabacan oo la xoojiyey oo kala duwan oo ka samaysan substrates marka loo eego flexo ku salaysan biyaha."
Niewiadomska waxay ku dartay in iyadoo qiimaha tamarta uu kordho iyo baahida sii jiritaanku ay sii wadaan inay qaataan marxaladda dhexe, qaadashada tamarta-daawaynta UV LED iyo khad laba-daaweyn ah ayaa sii kordheysa,
"Waxa xiisaha lihi leh, waxaan aragnaa xiisaha kororka ma aha oo kaliya madbacadaha shabakadaha cidhiidhiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale daabacayaasha fidsan ee ballaaran iyo kuwa dhexe ee shabakada raadinaya inay lacag ku badbaadiyaan tamarta oo ay yareeyaan raadkooda kaarboonka," Niewiadomska ayaa sii waday.
"Waxaan sii wadnaa inaan aragno xiisaha suuqa ee khadadka daweynta tamarta iyo dahaarka oo dhan codsiyo kala duwan iyo substrates," Bret Lessard, maareeyaha khadka alaabadaHal qayb oo ka mid ah INX International Ink Co., Ltd., la sheegay. "Xawaaraha wax soo saarka degdega ah iyo hoos u dhaca saamaynta deegaanka ee ay bixiyaan khadadkan ayaa si xoog leh ula jaanqaadaya diiradda macaamiisheena."
Fabian Köhn, madaxa caalamiga ah ee maamulka wax soo saarka web cidhiidhi atSiegwerk, ayaa sheegay in iyadoo iibinta khadadka daweynta tamarta ee Maraykanka iyo Yurub ay hadda taagan yihiin, Siegwerk waxay arkaysaa suuq aad u firfircoon oo leh qaybta UV ee sii kordheysa ee Aasiya.
"Madbacadaha flexo cusub ayaa hadda inta badan ku qalabaysan nalalka LED-ka, iyo daabacaadda offset-ka macaamiil badan ayaa horay u maalgeliyay UV ama LED daaweynta sababtoo ah waxtarka sare ee marka la barbardhigo mashiinnada daabacaadda caadiga ah," Köhn ayaa arkay.
Kor u kaca UV LED
Waxaa jira saddex tignoolajiyada ugu waaweyn oo hoos yimaada dalladda tamarta-daawaynta. UV iyo UV LED waa kuwa ugu weyn, oo leh EB aad uga yar. Tartanka xiisaha leh ayaa u dhexeeya UV iyo UV LED, kaas oo cusub oo si xawli ah u koraya.
"Waxaa jira ballanqaad sii kordhaya oo ka imanaya daabacayaasha si loogu daro UV LED qalab cusub oo dib loo habeeyay," ayuu yiri Jonathan Graunke, VP ee tignoolajiyada UV / EB iyo kaaliyaha R & D agaasimaha INX International Ink Co. "Isticmaalka dhamaadka-saxaafadeed UV waa wali waxay ku badan tahay in lagu dheelli tiro wax soo saarka kharashka/waxqabadka, gaar ahaan dahaarka."
Köhn waxa uu tilmaamay in sidii sannadihii hore, UV LED ay si ka dhakhso badan u korayaan UV-ga caadiga ah, gaar ahaan Yurub, halkaas oo kharashka tamarta sare uu u dhaqmo sidii kicinta tignoolajiyada LED-ka.
"Halkan, madbacadaha ayaa ugu horrayn maalgelinaya tignoolajiyada LED si ay u beddelaan laambadihii hore ee UV ama xitaa dhammaan madbacadaha daabacaadda," ayuu Köhn ku daray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan sidoo kale aragnaa dardar xoog leh oo ku wajahan daaweynta LED ee suuqyada sida India, Koonfur-bari Aasiya iyo Latin America, halka Shiinaha iyo Maraykanku ay horeyba u muujinayaan suuqa sare ee LED."
Hinataya ayaa sheegtay in daabacaadda UV LED ay aragtay kobac badan. "Sababta tan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay yihiin kor u kaca qiimaha korontada iyo ka beddelka nalalka meerkuriga oo loo beddelo nalalka LED," ayay raacisay Hinataya.
Jonathan Harkins oo ka tirsan Kooxda Maareynta Alaabada ee Zeller+Gmelin ayaa sheegay in tignoolajiyada UV LED ay ka sarreyso kobaca daaweynta UV ee dhaqameed ee warshadaha daabacaadda.
"Kobacani waxaa horseeda faa'iidooyinka UV LED, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka tamarta hoose, cimriga dheer ee LED-yada, hoos u dhigista wax soo saarka kulaylka, iyo awoodda lagu daaweynayo noocyo badan oo substrates ah iyada oo aan waxyeello u geysan qalabka xasaasiga ah ee kulaylka," ayuu raaciyay Harkins.
"Faa'iidooyinkani waxay la socdaan diiradda sii kordheysa ee warshadaha ee joogtaynta iyo waxtarka," ayuu yiri Harkins. "Sidaas awgeed, daabacayaashu waxay si isa soo taraysa u maalgaliyaan qalabka ay ku jiraan tignoolajiyada daaweynta LED. Isbedelkaani wuxuu ka muuqdaa qaadashada degdega ah ee suuqa ee nidaamyada LED-ka UV ee in badan oo ka mid ah suuqyada daabacaadda ee kala duwan ee Zeller+Gmelin, oo ay ku jiraan flexographic, deminta qalalan, iyo tignoolajiyada daabacaadda litho. Isbeddelku wuxuu ka tarjumayaa dhaqdhaqaaq ballaaran oo warshadeed oo ku wajahan xalalka daabacaadda ee saaxiibtinimo iyo kharash-ool leh, oo leh tignoolajiyada UV LED ee safka hore.
Hemmings wuxuu sheegay in UV LED ay si weyn u koraan iyadoo suuqa uu u wareegayo si uu u daboolo baahiyaha sii jirista.
"Isticmaalka tamarta hoose, kharashka dayactirka hooseeya, awoodda substrates khafiifka ah, iyo awoodda lagu socodsiiyo qalabka xasaasiga ah ee kuleylka ayaa ah dhammaan darawallada muhiimka ah ee isticmaalka khad UV LED," Hemmings ayaa xusay. "Labada beddelayaasha iyo milkiilayaasha summadaduba waxay codsanayaan xalal badan oo UV LED ah, badi warshadaha saxafiyiinta ayaa hadda soo saaraya saxafiyiin si fudud loogu beddeli karo UV LED si loo daboolo baahida."
Niewiadomska ayaa sheegay in daawaynta UV LED ay si aad ah u kortay saddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay sababo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan kharashka tamarta oo kordhay, baahida loo qabo in la dhimo raadadka kaarboonka, iyo yaraynta qashinka.
"Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan ku aragnaa kala duwanaansho badan oo kala duwan oo ah nalalka UV LED suuqa, siinta daabacayaasha iyo beddelayaasha kala duwan ee fursadaha nalalka," Niewiadomska ayaa xusay. "Beddelayaasha shabakadaha cidhiidhiga ah ee adduunka oo dhan waxay arkaan in UV LED ay tahay tignoolajiyada la xaqiijiyay oo la heli karo waxayna fahmaan faa'iidooyinka buuxa ee UV LED keeno - kharash yar oo daabacan, qashin yar, ma jiro jiilka ozone, isticmaalka eber ee nalalka Hg, iyo wax soo saarka sare. Muhiimad ahaan, baddelayaasha shabakadaha cidhiidhiga ah ee maalgashadayaasha cusub ee UV flexo waxay la socon karaan UV LED ama nidaamka nalalka si dhakhso ah oo dhaqaale ahaan kor loogu qaadi karo UV LED haddii loo baahdo. "
Khadadka Dual-Cure
Waxaa jiray xiisaha sii kordhaya ee loo qabo laba-daaweyn ama tignoolajiyada isku-dhafan ee UV, khadadka lagu daweyn karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo nalalka caadiga ah ama UV LED.
"Waa la og yahay," ayuu yiri Graunke, "in inta badan khadadka ku daaweeya LED ay sidoo kale ku daweyn doonaan UV iyo hababka nooca UV (H-UV).
Siegwerk's Köhn ayaa sheegay in guud ahaan, khadadka lagu daweyn karo nalalka LED-ka sidoo kale lagu daweyn karo nalalka caadiga ah ee Hg arc. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kharashyada khadadka LED-ka ayaa aad uga sarreeya kharashyada khadadka UV.
"Sababtan awgeed, waxaa weli suuqa ku jira khadadka UV-ga," ayuu raaciyay Köhn. "Sidaas darteed, haddii aad rabto inaad bixiso nidaam laba-daaweyn oo run ah, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad doorato qaab-dhismeedka isku dheelitiraya qiimaha iyo waxqabadka.
"Shirkaddeennu waxay durba bilowday inay keento khad laba-daaweyn ah oo ku dhow lix ilaa toddobo sano ka hor iyadoo hoos imanaysa magaca 'UV CORE'," ayay tiri Hinataya. "Doorashada sawir-qaade waxay muhiim u tahay khad laba-labo-labo ah. Waxaan dooran karnaa alaabta ceeriin ee ugu habboon waxaanan samayn karnaa khad ku habboon suuqa."
Erik Jacob oo ka tirsan Kooxda Maareynta Alaabada ee Zeller+Gmelin ayaa xusay in ay jirto xiisaha sii kordhaya ee khadadka dawooyinka laba-cure. Xiisahani waxa uu ka yimid dabacsanaanta iyo kala-duwanaanta khadadkani ay siinayaan daabacayaasha.
"Laba-daaweyn khad daabacayaashu waxay awood u siinayaan in ay ka faa'iidaystaan faa'iidooyinka daaweynta LED-ka, sida waxtarka tamarta iyo hoos u dhigista kulaylka, iyada oo la ilaalinayo waafaqsanaanta hababka daaweynta UV ee jira," ayuu yidhi Jacob. "Isku-waafajintani waxay si gaar ah u soo jiidanaysaa madbacadaha u gudbaya tignoolajiyada LED si tartiib tartiib ah ama kuwa ku shaqeeya qalab duug ah iyo kuwo cusub."
Jacob wuxuu intaa ku daray in natiijadu tahay, Zeller+Gmelin iyo shirkado kale oo khad ah ayaa soo saaraya khad kuwaas oo ku shaqeyn kara labadaba hababka daaweynta iyada oo aan waxyeello u geysan tayada ama adkeysiga, iyaga oo daboolaya baahida suuqa ee xalal daabacan oo la qabsan karo oo waara.
"Isbeddelkan wuxuu muujinayaa dadaallada socda ee warshadaha si ay u hal-abuuraan oo ay u siiyaan madbacadaha fursado badan oo la taaban karo, deegaanka saaxiibtinimo," ayuu yiri Jacob.
"Beddelayaasha u wareegaya daaweynta LED waxay u baahan yihiin khad lagu daweyn karo labadaba dhaqan ahaan iyo LED, laakiin tani maaha caqabad farsamo, waayo-aragnimadeena, dhammaan khadadka LED waxay si fiican u daaweeyaan nalalka meerkuriga," ayuu yiri Hemmings. "Sifadan soo jireenka ah ee khadadka LED-ku waxay u saamaxdaa macaamiisha inay si aan kala go 'lahayn uga guuraan UV-ga caadiga ah una gudbaan khadadka LED-ka."
Niewiadomska ayaa sheegay in kooxda Flint ay arkayso xiisaha joogtada ah ee tignoolajiyada daaweynta laba-geesoodka ah.
Niewiadomska ayaa ku daray "Nidaamka daaweynta laba-geesoodka ah wuxuu u suurtageliyaa beddelayaasha inay isticmaalaan khad isku mid ah UV LED iyo saxaafadda caadiga ah ee UV, taas oo yareyneysa alaabada iyo kakanaanta," ayuu raaciyay Niewiadomska. "Kooxda Flint waxay ka horeysaa qalooca tikniyoolajiyada daaweynta UV LED, oo ay ku jirto tikniyoolajiyadda daaweynta laba-geesoodka ah. Shirkaddu waxay hormood u ahayd wax-qabadka sare ee UV LED iyo Dual Cure qalin muddo toban sano ah, ka hor intaan tignoolajiyadu ka dhigin mid la heli karo oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sida maanta. "
Dib u warshadaynta iyo dib u warshadaynta
Iyadoo xiisaha sii kordheysa ee joogtaynta, soosaarayaasha khadku waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay wax ka qabtaan welwelka ku saabsan khadadka UV iyo EB ee dhinaca de-inking iyo dib u warshadaynta
"Waxaa jira qaar laakiin inta badan way yar yihiin," ayuu yiri Graunke. "Waan ognahay in alaabta UV/EB ay dabooli karaan baahiyo dib u warshadayn gaar ah.
"Tusaale ahaan, INX waxa ay dhalisay 99/100 IGEDE warqad ka saarista," Graunke ayaa arkay. "Radtech Europe waxay u xilsaartay daraasad FOGRA ah taas oo go'aamisay khadadka UV-ga ee aan laga saari karin warqad. Substrate-ku wuxuu door weyn ka ciyaaraa sifooyinka dib u warshadaynta ee warqadda, markaa waa in laga taxadaraa samaynta sheegashooyinka dib u warshadaynta bustaha ee shahaadooyinka.
"INX waxay haysataa xalal dib-u-warshadaynta balaastikada halkaasoo khadadka loogu talagalay inay si ulakac ah ugu sii jiraan substrate-ka," ayuu raaciyay Graunke. "Sidan, maqaalka daabacan waxaa laga sooci karaa balaastigga jirka ee ugu muhiimsan inta lagu jiro habka dib u warshadaynta iyada oo aan wasakheynin xalalka dhaqida caustic. Waxa kale oo aanu haysanaa xalal de-inkable oo u oggolaanaya balaastigga daabacan inay ka mid noqdaan qulqulka dib-u-warshadaynta iyadoo meesha laga saarayo khad. Tani waxay caadi u tahay filimada yaraaday inay ka soo kabtaan balaastikada PET."
Köhn wuxuu xusay in codsiyada caagga ah, ay jiraan walaac, gaar ahaan dib-u-warshadaynta, ee ku saabsan wasakheynta suurtagalka ah ee biyaha dhaqda iyo dib-u-warshadaynta.
"Warshaduhu waxay horay u bilaabeen mashaariic dhowr ah si ay u caddeeyaan in qallafsanaanta khadadka UV si fiican loo xakameyn karo iyo in dib-u-warshadaynta ugu dambeysa iyo biyaha lagu dhaqo aysan ku wasakheynin qaybaha khadadka," Köhn ayaa arkay.
"Marka laga hadlayo biyaha dhaqda, isticmaalka khadadka UV xitaa waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyin qaar ka mid ah tignoolajiyada kale ee khadka," ayuu raaciyay Köhn. "Tusaale ahaan, filimka la daweeyay wuxuu ka soocaa qaybo waaweyn, kuwaas oo si sahlan looga sifeyn karo biyaha dhaqidda.
Köhn waxa uu tilmaamay in marka ay timaado codsiyada warqadaha, ka-saarista iyo dib-u-warshadaynta ay yihiin habsocod la aasaasay.
"Waxaa horeyba u jiray nidaamyo UV offset ah oo ay siisay INGEDE si sahlan oo looga saari karo warqadda, si ay daabacayaashu u sii wadaan inay ka faa'iideystaan faa'iidooyinka tignoolajiyada UV-ga iyada oo aan waxyeello u geysan dib-u-warshadaynta," ayuu yiri Köhn.
Hinataya ayaa sheegtay in horumarku uu ka socdo dhanka ka saarista iyo dib u warshadaynta walxaha daabacan.
"Warqadaha, qaybinta khad ee buuxinaysa heerarka INGEDE ee wax ka-saarista ayaa sii kordhaya, ka-saariddu waxay noqotay farsamo ahaan suurtagal, laakiin caqabaddu waa in la dhiso kaabayaasha si kor loogu qaado dib-u-warshadaynta kheyraadka," ayay raacisay Hinataya.
"Qaar ka mid ah tamarta la daweyn karo ayaa si fiican u qallajisa qalinka, taasoo hagaajinaysa dib-u-warshadaynta," ayuu yidhi Hemmings. "Isticmaalka dhamaadka iyo nooca substrate-ka ayaa ah arrimo muhiim u ah go'aaminta waxqabadka dib u warshadaynta sidoo kale. Sun Chemical's SolarWave CRCL UV-LED khadadka la daweyn karo ayaa buuxinaya shuruudaha Ururka Dib-u-warshadaynta Caagagga (APR) ee dhaqidda iyo haynta umana baahna isticmaalka aasaasiga ah."
Niewiadomska waxay xustay in Flint Group ay soo saartay nooceeda Evolution ee aasaasiyaasha iyo varnishes si ay wax uga qabato baahida loo qabo dhaqaale wareeg ah oo baakad ah.
"Evolution Deinking Primer wuxuu awood u siinaya in la gooyo alaabta gacanta inta lagu jiro dhaqidda, hubinta in calaamadaha gacan-yaraanta dib loo warshadeyn karo dhalada, kordhinta wax-soo-saarka alaabta dib loo warshadeeyey iyo yareynta waqtiga iyo kharashyada la xiriira habka saarista summada," ayuu yiri Niewiadomska. .
"Evolution Varnish waxaa lagu dhejiyaa calaamadaha ka dib marka midabada la daabaco, ka ilaalinta khad iyada oo ka hortagaysa dhiigbaxa iyo xoqidda inta lagu jiro shelf, ka dibna hoos u sii maraya habka dib u warshadaynta," ayay raacisay. "Valshimku wuxuu xaqiijiyaa kala-soocidda nadiifka ah ee calaamadda baakadeeda, taasoo awood u siinaysa substrate-ka baakadaha in dib loo warshadeeyo oo laga dhigo agab tayo sare leh oo qiimo sare leh. Farshaxanku ma saameeyo midabka khad, tayada sawirka ama akhrinta koodka.
"Baaxadda Evolution waxay si toos ah wax uga qabataa caqabadaha dib-u-warshadaynta, isla markaana, waxay qayb ka ciyaartaa sidii loo sugi lahaa mustaqbalka adag ee qaybta baakadaha," Niewiadomska ayaa soo gabagabeeyey. "Evolution Varnish iyo Deinking Primer waxay sameeyaan alaab kasta oo lagu isticmaalo si aad u badan oo ay u badan tahay inay si buuxda ugu dhex maraan silsiladda dib u warshadaynta."
Harkins wuxuu arkay in xitaa xiriirka aan tooska ahayn, ay jiraan walaac ku saabsan isticmaalka khadadka UV ee baakadaha cuntada iyo cabitaanka iyo sidoo kale saameynta ay ku leeyihiin hababka dib u warshadaynta. Arrinka aasaasiga ah wuxuu ku saabsan yahay u haajiridda suurtagalka ah ee sawir-qaadayaasha iyo walxaha kale ee khadadka ku jira cuntada ama cabitaannada, kuwaas oo keeni kara khataro caafimaad.
"De-inking waxay ahayd mudnaanta sare ee daabacayaasha iyadoo diiradda la saarayo deegaanka," ayuu raaciyay Harkins. "Zeller+Gmelin waxa ay samaysay tignoolajiyada wax-soo-saarka ah taas oo u oggolaan doonta khad tamarta lagu daaweeyay in ay kor u qaaddo habka dib-u-warshadaynta, taas oo u oggolaanaysa balaastiig nadiif ah in dib loogu warshadeeyo alaabta macaamiisha. Farsamadan waxaa loo yaqaan EarthPrint."
Harkins wuxuu sheegay in ku saabsan dib-u-warshadaynta, caqabaddu waxay ku jirtaa ku habboonaanta khadadka ee hababka dib-u-warshadaynta, maadaama qaar ka mid ah khadadka UV ay caqabad ku noqon karaan dib-u-warshadaynta waraaqaha iyo substrate-ka caagga ah iyagoo saameeya tayada walxaha dib loo warshadeeyay.
"Si wax looga qabto walaacyadan, Zeller+Gmelin waxa ay diiradda saareysay horumarinta khadadka leh guryaha socdaalka hoose ee hagaajinta waafaqsanaanta hababka dib-u-warshadaynta, iyo u hoggaansanaanta qawaaniinta si loo xaqiijiyo badbaadada macaamiisha iyo sii jirista deegaanka," Harkins ayaa xusay.
Waqtiga boostada: Juun-27-2024
